Philosophy, beliefs and religions
A few ideas have marked me during philosophical wanderings and I would like to highlight them. Hovering over the ideas of great thinkers can sometimes help refine your judgment.
I would therefore like to philosophize and conclude with Comte-Sponville
"Anyone can do mathematics for you (since by hypothesis, they will find, if they find, the same result that you could achieve) and that is why, unless there is a particular taste or need to earn a living, you do not there's no reason to do math yourself. On the contrary, nobody can philosophize in your place: what I could have found, and even if that would satisfy me completely, ..nothing proves that it is worth for you ”.
"All our dignity consists in thought"
said Pascal, confirmed by other philosophers and the main question is that of our origin and our end. It's up to us to form a personal opinion.
(Leibniz) "I believe that almost all the means that one has employed to prove the existence of God are good and could be useful if one perfected them".
Some ideas seem to me to be key points and I mention them without going into major analyzes.
"Atheism is as uncertain as religion" (Kant).
“Faith saves,” said Nietzsche, “therefore it lies”.
From a professor at the ULB university
"If it manages to come up with an even improbable hypothesis that saves men, any theology has a chance of being favorably received. For that, it must be credible, Hence it is ingenious to create the most sophisticated hypotheses, for example: you will have a chance of survival if you have behaved well ”.
The conception of believers is that God has chosen and elected man and I note in an article by J-P Longchamp,
« There is something almost miraculous about the existence of man within the universe: ... an earth was needed at a good distance from a star: neither too hot nor too cold, this planet had to be is covered with liquid water ... The physical mechanisms of the universe seem to have been regulated with phenomenal precision from the start ».
Some scientists, following B. Carter, in 1975, spoke on this subject of the anthropic principle. This principle therefore wants to explain that the universe is as it is because man exists ... 'Opposite, others like J. Monod, believe that man has emerged by chance in a universe which is indifferent to him.
The man worried about his origin and he created the oldest document which is the Bible. She categorized creation by symbolic days, which would thus establish a hierarchy among creatures.
Further on, it is a question of original sin which would explain the brutality of the world. I would deduce, for my part, that, not being able to explain many things, the authors find there a way out.
Elsewhere in our civilization, the ideas of Aristotle have held back knowledge,
“Aristotle is said to be the greatest philosopher of Antiquity. He is the creator of logic, he is the creator of the scientific method which combines observation and abstraction, natural sciences too. he is the inventor of metaphysics.
But He was just about everything wrong and caused tremendous damage. Lucid on the methods, he proved unable to apply them correctly. Aristotle's physics is really a pseudo-science from which in 2000 years not a single discovery, a single invention, a single new idea. Severe judgment but unfortunately true. "(Claude Allègre),
Man first gorged himself on beliefs that led him to human sacrifices, to Pythia and her oracles, to clairvoyances which have been perpetuated. These beliefs gave rise to institutions like the Inquisition. Poor witches and Jane d'Arc were burned.
Canon Schoonjans, my excellent history teacher, used to bring up this anecdote which took place in the Middle Ages and which shows how far belief can lead.
A piece of stone had been discovered on which these letters "S VIAR" appeared. It was reported to the religious authorities who soon concluded that it was the tomb of a saint.
Devotions are then devoted to this saint, a chapel is created for him and miracles are attributed to him. The devotion grows to such an extent that we decide to continue archaeological research.
And indeed, we find two other blocks of stone which fit together perfectly at the ends of the first one and we can then reconstitute the complete readable text on the base, ie "PRAEFECTUS VIARUM".
It was quite simply a Roman kilometer post.
All this screed has destroyed freedom of thought and beliefs have enslaved man.
Then, like a tidal wave, ideas sprouted, those of Copernicus, Galileo, Darwin, Newton and Einstein to name a few.
It was the Age of Enlightenment. This light sometimes tarnished by brutal force as during the revolution of 1789 but which allowed us to declare with Mirabeau
"The light towards us is moving step by step".
Today, finally, the man accepts the most pointed questions.
The dialectic of Comte-Sponville consists in explaining that suffering precedes possible human fault,
"the animals suffer also and for a longer time than us so that the belief in a good and creative God is morally bearable. The thing was masked for a long time by anthropocentrism, which made the idea of original fault plausible, from which was supposed flow all the evil ... But we now know that the atrocity precedes us, and that, without exonerating ourselves, excuses us. We must be born guilty, said Pascal or God would be unjust. We now know that God was unjust before we were not guilty, and this is what - long before the appearance of man - billions of corpses, if they had the word, could testify. "
But a controversy comes from Leibniz
“Can a thinking being come from a non-thinking being deprived of all feeling and knowledge such as matter could be. It is quite obvious that a part of matter is incapable of producing anything by itself and of giving itself movement. It is therefore necessary that its movement be eternal or that it be imprinted by a more powerful being ”.
For Spinoza, this is another moral approach: God is of a different essence, he does not judge the actions of man.
"It is to have an anthropomorphic conception of God to consider him as legislator and judge. If one absolutely wants to keep the notion of divine law, it is appropriate to designate by this word the rule of life which necessarily results from knowledge and the love of God, the enjoyment of Being, thanks to an awareness of our true place in the universe. "
"When it says that God is angry with sinners, that he is the judge who knows human actions, rules and sanctions about them, Scripture speaks in human form and according to the opinions received among the crowd, since its purpose is not to teach philosophy, but to make men not learned but obedient ".
And yet, Comte-Sponville lists Spinoza as an atheist (problem of the beyond (love solitude)).
"When Spinoza writes" by reality and by perfection I mean the same thing "he indicates by this that nothing has meaning, nothing, neither God nor world, in other words that the truth is sufficient for everything, and is sufficient, since there is nothing else. Immanence is that: everything is there, there is nothing else to seek than everything, where we are already. We can only find God. in God or in truth than in truth. Therefore, "the more we know of singular things, the more we know God" God is not behind things, nor beyond, like their meaning or their secret; he is these very things, all these things, everything that happens ("nature" says Spinoza), and that is why there is no God, no meaning. There is only truth: there is no there is only everything.
Today, neuroscience adds further complexity by asserting that we must renounce the body-mind duality.
Recent advances in cognitive neuroscience suggest that the concept of freedom, as we experience it, does not really exist: every mental state - everything that happens in our mind - has its origin in biological activity. of the brain.
So there is a form of neural determinism that would like everything we experience, including our own will, to be reducible to brain activity, leaving little room for free will.
A first element of response is provided by the observation that it is necessary to renounce the body-mind duality including in current discourse: The mind in this perspective and a manifestation of the biological activity of the brain and not a separate entity .
We are free without being able to do otherwise - a paradox of which the exploration of the outlines is a fundamental issue today. (A. Cleeremans).
From Seneca
"whatever will happen later is a matter of uncertainty: live now".
But I will add: at least having tried to understand.
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Философия, верования и религии
Несколько идей отметили меня во время философских странствий, и я хотел бы их выделить. Наведение на идеи великих мыслителей иногда может помочь уточнить ваши суждения.
Поэтому я хотел бы пофилософствовать и в заключение сказать Конте-Спонвиллю.
"Любой может заниматься математикой за вас (поскольку по гипотезе они найдут, если найдут, тот же результат, которого могли бы достичь вы), и поэтому, если нет особого вкуса или необходимости зарабатывать на жизнь, вы не нет причин заниматься математикой самому. Напротив, никто не может философствовать на вашем месте: то, что я мог найти, и даже если это меня полностью удовлетворило бы ..., ничто не доказывает, что это того стоит для вас ».
«Все наше достоинство - в мысли»
- сказал Паскаль, подтвержденный другими философами, и главный вопрос заключается в нашем происхождении и нашем конце. Нам остается сформировать личное мнение.
(Лейбниц) «Я считаю, что почти все средства, которые использовались для доказательства существования Бога, хороши и могут быть полезны, если их усовершенствовать».
Некоторые идеи кажутся мне ключевыми, и я упоминаю их, не вдаваясь в подробный анализ.
«Атеизм так же ненадежен, как и религия» (Кант).
«Вера спасает, - сказал Ницше, - поэтому она ложь».
От профессора ULB
«Если ему удастся выдвинуть даже невероятную гипотезу, которая спасает людей, у любой теологии есть шанс быть благосклонно принятой. Для этого она должна вызывать доверие. Следовательно, изобретательно создавать самые сложные гипотезы, например: вы будете есть шанс на выживание, если ты хорошо вела себя ».
Концепция верующих состоит в том, что Бог избрал и избрал человека, и я отмечаю в статье Дж. П. Лоншана:
«Есть что-то почти чудесное в существовании человека во Вселенной: ... Земля нужна была на приличном расстоянии от звезды: ни слишком жарко, ни слишком холодно, эта планета должна была быть покрыта жидкой водой ... Физические механизмы Вселенной, кажется, с самого начала регулировались с феноменальной точностью ».
Некоторые ученые, вслед за Б. Картером, в 1975 году говорили об антропном принципе. Таким образом, этот принцип пытается объяснить, что вселенная такая, как есть, потому что существует человек ... »Напротив, другие, такие как Дж. Моно, считают, что человек возник случайно во вселенной, которая ему безразлична.
Этот человек беспокоился о своем происхождении и создал самый старый документ - Библию. Она классифицировала творение по символическим дням, что, таким образом, установило иерархию среди существ.
Далее, это вопрос первородного греха, который объяснил бы жестокость мира. Со своей стороны, я бы пришел к выводу, что, не имея возможности объяснить многие вещи, авторы находят выход.
В других частях нашей цивилизации идеи Аристотеля сдерживали знание,
